山石 - 韩愈
隐逸山行间的自在之趣与人生思索
山石荦确行径微
Craggy rocks and narrow trails wind through the heights
黄昏到寺蝙蝠飞
At dusk, I reach the temple as bats flit overhead
升堂坐阶新雨足
I climb the hall and sit on the steps, drenched by fresh rain
芭蕉叶大支子肥
Banana leaves stretch wide, and gardenia shrubs grow lush
僧言古壁佛画好
A monk says the ancient walls bear fine paintings of the Buddha
以火来照所见稀
By torchlight, scarce glimpses appear in the dim recesses
铺床拂席置羹饭
A simple bed is made, mats are shaken out, and a meal is offered
疏粝亦足饱我饥
Even coarse food suffices to fill my hunger
夜深静卧百虫绝
Deep in the night, quiet repose breaks the insects’ song
清月出岭光入扉
A bright moon rises beyond the ridge, its light entering the door
天明独去无道路
At dawn I leave alone, finding no marked path
出入高下穷烟霏
In and out of hills and hollows, I wander through swirling mists
山红涧碧纷烂漫
Red mountain slopes, green mountain streams—vivid in scattered profusion
时见松枥皆十围
Here and there, pines and chestnut trees of many spans in girth
当流赤足蹋涧石
Stepping barefoot on rocks amid the current
水声激激风吹衣
Waters roar, the wind whips my robe
人生如此自可乐
Life in this way can be a constant joy
岂必局促为人谋
Why be constricted, forever scheming for worldly gain?
嗟哉吾党二三子
Alas, my friends and comrades
安得至老不更归
How can we avoid returning home only at life’s very end?
《山石》是韩愈讴歌山野之美、表达对尘世功名束缚的疏离与反思的一篇代表诗。诗中描绘了作者在黄昏时分抵达山寺、夜宿于此,以及次日登山漫步的经历。全诗氛围先由“荦确行径”“黄昏到寺”等意象引入,营造出神秘深邃的场景,随后又借“一宿一食”的简单生活,展现韩愈回归自然、放下俗务的内心舒畅。
夜里深沉的静谧与月光穿透山岭的景象,衬托出远离喧闹官场后获得的难得清净。次日天明,诗人继续踏足山野,任凭脚步随山势起伏,看到“山红涧碧”“松枥皆十围”,则进一步感悟大自然的壮丽与生机。最末几句“人生如此自可乐,岂必局促为人谋”,直接表达诗人的价值观:与其终生忙于尘劳和功名,不如抽身投入山水之乐。一个“嗟哉吾党二三子”则把情感从个人推至同道中人,希望同样厌倦官场之辈也能跟随这种“山野欢心”的步调,不再等到“至老不更归”。
从艺术特色看,此诗充分展示了韩愈“雄健沉厚,韵调新奇”的创作风格:他善于用富有动感的词句勾勒山野气势,既有景物动态变化的描述,也有内心率性洒脱的宣泄。语言刚健却又夹带对自然的温情。通过对渺茫路径、磅礴雨后风光的刻画,诗人一面流露对豪放生活的向往,一面暗含对世俗名利的看破。整体意象清晰,层次递进,是中唐“古文运动”领袖韩愈在诗歌创作上的又一特色化体现。
要点
1. 诗人将出尘之乐融入山水描写,以静夜、晨晓、流水等铺陈出深远意境。
2. 不仅讴歌幽居、山行的快意,也暗含对官场庸扰的厌倦,宣扬洒脱不羁的个人追求。
3. 借“荦确行径”“水声激激风吹衣”等富有动作感和视觉冲击力的语句,形成独特的诗歌张力,唤起读者对逍遥自适、回归自然的向往。
4. 尾段“人生如此自可乐”“嗟哉吾党二三子”体现出诗人对“同道者”的呼唤,促使后人反思个人价值,摆脱“局促为人谋”的束缚,追寻更自由的人生境界。